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SPIEGELBEELD
Reflecties bij 25 jaar vrouwengeschiedenis
Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis 25
2005
Redactie: Marga Altena, Maartje Broekhans, Jenny Reynaerts, Willemijn Ruberg, Kristine Steenbergh en Anna Tijsseling.
- Redactioneel 5
PORTRET
- Jenny Reynaerts 15
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De Bakermat. De eerste redactie van het Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis
Een gesprek met enkele leden, 10 januari 2005
- Jacques Bos 25
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Agency en experience: veranderende visies op het subject in de gendergeschiedenis
Agency and experience: changing conceptions of the subject in gender history
Conceptions of the self - most often in the form of implicit assumptions - have played a crucial role in the development of gender history. The historicist tradition that dominated mainstream historiography in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries produced a mode of writing women's history characterised by an individualist ontology and focused on female agency in the realms of politics and culture. In the 1960s and 1970s women's history was mainly conceived as a subdiscipline of the fi eld of social history. This involved an essentially structuralist perspective in which individual agency and individual experience were neglected. Joan Scott's plea for using gender as a central category of historical analysis involved the claim that female agency and experience in the past would be made visible. Scott focuses on the historically contingent discursive formation of identities. A problem in her approach is the lack of a conceptualisation of individual agency that would enable women to resist and modify those constructed identities. Judith Butler's notion of performativity could be seen as an effort to develop such a conceptualisation of individual agency without denying the infl uence of discourses on the constitution of identities. Although Butler's work is not primarily historical, it could be highly useful for gender historians to discover new perspectives in their field.
- Kristine Steenbergh 49
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'Gelieve hieraan te denken, heren!' Marianne Vogel en Frits van Oostrom over gender in de Nederlandse literatuur geschiedenis
'Kindly take note, gentlemen!' Marianne Vogel and Frits van Oostrom on gender and Dutch literary history
Published half a century ago, the standard work of Dutch literary history written by Gerard Knuvelder is in need of a successor. A team of academics is currently writing a new overview of Dutch literary history, the first volumes of which are to appear in 2006. The Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis wondered whether the issue of gender is finding its way into the pages of this new standard work. Kristine Steenbergh interviewed professor Frits van Oostrom, author of the new literary history's volume on the literature of the Middle Ages, and Marianne Vogel, specialist in gender and literary history and former chairman of the Werkverband Vrouwenstudies, Neerlandistiek, Literatuur geschiedschrijving, a working group concerned with issues of gender and the history of literature.
- Lotte Jensen 68
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Naar een nieuw overzichtswerk van de eerste feministische golf? De casus Catharina van Rees (1831-1915)
Towards a new survey of the first feminist wave? The case of Catharina van Rees (1831-1915)
Jensen argues that the time has come for a new standard work about the first feminist wave in the Netherlands. To illustrate this point, Jensen describes the life and work of the composer and writer Catharina Felicia van Rees (1835-1915): one of the earliest and fiercest propagators of women's emancipation. Her newly discovered private correspondence uncovers the life of a very independent, enchanting woman and her struggles to fulfill her ambitions as a musician and a writer. In spite of her impressive list of compositions and publications Van Rees' name is missing in Dutch standard works about the first feminist wave. This omission necessitates new critical reflections on and reconsideration of existing standard works, such as Ulla Jansz' recent study, Denken over sekse in de eerste feministische golf (1990). The key question is what form such a new survey on feminism should take and which research fields need further exploration. Van Rees' case carries some points of departure. Firstly, the tradition of continuous biographical research remains vital to the writing of the history of the Dutch women's movement. Secondly, we should reconsider the conceptual frameworks and terms used to describe this period. Several inspiring alternatives have been suggested, which all stress the importance of gender in transformations of the public and private sphere. Finally, the international context should not be overlooked, since the women's movement was inherently international. 'Intermediary' female figures such as Van Rees and many other women translators linked writers and readers across national borders.
- Marga Altena 94
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De druppel en de steen. Ervaringen met het onderwijs in vrouwengeschiedenis
- Mieke de Vos 115
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'Juf, waren wij dan helemaal niet belangrijk?' Vrouwengeschiedenis in de praktijk van het middelbaar onderwijs
Didn't girls matter? Teaching women's history in Dutch secondary education
Women's history was introduced into the final examinations in The Netherlands in 1989. Since then academic research in women's history has made tremendous progress, while secondary education has lagged behind. The study of three widely used textbooks shows that women's history in secondary education is confined to a small, arbitrarily selected canon of famous women, a canon which is, moreover, only loosely connected to mainstream history. Explanations of the inequality of the sexes in history make no reference at all to the notion of gender. By emphasizing the subordination and powerlessness of women in the past the education on women's history achieves exactly the opposite effect of what it aims at. Instead of emancipating students it confirms stereotypes of male and female behaviour and their 'proper' situation in life. However, students do show an interest in women's history, especially in subjects dealing with women's empowerment. An integrated approach of women's history is advocated, including a wide-ranging canon of great women, a more sociological treatment of women's positions in past societies, as well as a gender analysis.
- Mirjam Westen 130
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Geen nieuwe kleren voor de keizerin. Feministische interventies in de kunst (geschiedenis)
No new clothes for the empress. Feminist interventions in art (history)
Questions concerning gender have structurally changed the field of art in theory and practice. Critical interventions of numerous groups of feminist artists in the past 35 years revealed many sexist and racist assumptions in the world of art. They introduced a new aesthetic category: that of female experience. Although the number of feminist interventions increased in the eighties, the feminist art movement was at the same time increasingly marginalised. The tide turned in the nineties. Female and black artists prominently presented themselves and art exhibitions more and more covered themes like the body, social issues and the relationship between art, institutions and the audience, as at the Whitney Biennales, Dokumenta X and IX. Engagement, the relationship between public and private, the body, identity and cultural diversity became the focal points of reviews and essays. The nineties also witnessed decreased support for older feminist art organisations. Today there is a renewed interest in feminist art amongst artists and curators, but at the same time feminism continues to be associated with victimisation and essentialist navelgazing. Art criticism still treats feminism as taboo.
- Berber Bevernage 146
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Hegemonie in de mannenstudies. De ontwikkeling van een neo-Gramsciaans feministisch perspectief
The concept of hegemony in men's studies
A growing interest in men and boys has manifested itself in the course of this decade, especially in the Anglo-Saxon world. The idea of a crisis of masculinity is being widely acknowledged. This increasing public attention for men and boys has yielded a growing corpus of scientifi c studies on men and masculinity. These men's studies were profoundly infl uenced by women's studies, but have grown intellectually independent and in their turn now infl uence feminist theorizing. This text focuses on one of the most important intellectual contributions of the pro-feminist men's studies to the broader fi eld of gender analysis: the elaboration of a neo-Gramscian (pro)feminist perspective as it is manifested in R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. Hegemony can be a very valuable analytical tool for theorising gender. The inconsistent and ambiguous elaboration of the concept, however, is problematic. This essay relates these shortcomings to the partly conservative practice of the men's movement on the one hand and to certain contradictory tendencies in the writings of Connell on the other hand.
FORUM
- Anna Tijsseling 171
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Mannelijke historici aan het woord. Een discussiemiddag over de verklarende kracht van gender in het werkveld van drie gevestigde hoogleraren
BRON
- Els Kloek en Anna de Haas 181
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Een stoet van vrouwen. Het Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland (DVN), van de vroegste tijden tot circa 1850
Summaries 193
Gegevens over de auteurs 196
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